Ann Webb and her colleagues set out vials of the compound your skin uses to make vitamin D under the Boston sky, month after month. From November through February, the sunlight made none. Not on cold days. Not on bright, clear ones.
In 2024, Webb's team looked again, this time with 16 years of satellite measurements covering the entire planet. The result held: above about 40° latitude, there are months when no one can make enough vitamin D from sunlight, whatever their skin type. Researchers call it the vitamin D winter.
Living farther south doesn't get you off the hook. A second 2024 team modeled the latitudes of San Francisco and Washington, DC. In November, December and January, the vitamin D-making sunlight was gone.